Intellectual property rights,trade agreements,and international trade     

Mercedes Campi  Marco Dueñas 《Research Policy》2019,48(3):531-545

The global process of strengthening and harmonization of intellectual property rights (IPRs) systems has been intensified in the last twenty five years by the signing of trade agreements (TAs) that include chapters with intellectual property (IP) provisions and other trade-related issues. This paper provides a first exploration of whether and how the signing of TAs with IP chapters influences bilateral trade flows for a balanced panel of 110 countries and the period 1995–2013. We address methodological issues related to the assessment of the effect of TAs on bilateral trade. We use matching econometrics to evaluate the treatment of TAs with and without IP chapters. In addition, we estimate the effects of TAs on bilateral trade in a more dynamic fashion using a panel data approach based on the gravity model. Also, we perform our analysis for trade in low- and high-IP intensive products. We found that both types of TAs increase bilateral trade but TAs with no IPRs chapters have a stronger positive effect on trade. However, if we include lags to consider that TAs with IP chapters might need a longer implementation time, the net expected increase on trade is similar for both types of TAs. We also found that the effects depend on the development level of countries and on the IP intensity of products. We found a clear positive effect for developed countries, but we do not observe important gains for developing countries in all sectors and to all destinations derived from TAs with IP chapters. This raises the question of whether trade gains can compensate the effort related with IP reforms.  相似文献   

Reflections on historical materialism,economic theory,and the history of art in the context of renaissance and 17th century painting     

J. M. Montìas 《Journal of Cultural Economics》1981,5(2):19-38

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Short-run effects of accountability pressures on teacher policies and practices in the voucher system in Santiago,Chile     

Gregory Elacqua  Matías Martínez  Humberto Santos  Daniela Urbina 《School Effectiveness & School Improvement》2016,27(3):385-405

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Concept maps: Experiments on dynamic thinking     

Natalia Derbentseva  Frank Safayeni  Alberto  J. Cañas 《科学教学研究杂志》2007,44(3):448-465

Three experiments were conducted to examine the effects of map structure, concept quantification, and focus question on dynamic thinking during a Concept Map (CMap) construction task. The first experiment compared cyclic and hierarchical structures. The second experiment examined the impact of the quantification of the header concept in the map. The third experiment explored the effect of the focus question on the map. For all three experiments, the content of the CMaps was assessed for the number of dynamic propositions and the number of quantified concepts. The results show that the cyclic structure, the quantification of the header concept, and the focus question “How” significantly increased dynamic thinking. The studies, the theoretical background, and the implications of the findings are discussed. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 44: 448–465, 2007  相似文献   

Women Archetype and Female Physical Education during Franco's Dictatorship     

Gonzalo Ramírez-Macías 《国际体育史杂志》2013,30(11):1513-1528

The subject of this paper consists on the ideal of women in Spain during Franco's dictatorship (1939–1975) and how it was transmitted through women Physical Education and female sports, directed by the Women Section. The research focuses on the concepts and values from different fields (political, professional, cultural, religious, etc.) which described women and determined their life during this period, and which showed through physical and sport activities specific to this gender. The research is justified and put into context in the first part of the paper. In the second part of the paper, the female model as proposed by the ideology of the dictatorship is described, and how this model was reflected in female Physical Education – both in the initial training of female teachers and in the proposed practices for Spanish women. In the third part of the paper, some of the contradictions of the Women Section regarding the woman archetype are exposed, as well as the final conclusions of this investigation.  相似文献   

El Grito en Aztlán: voice and presence in Chicana/o Studies     

Reynaldo F. Macías 《International journal of qualitative studies in education》2013,26(2):165-184

Professor Aguirre’s essay provides a strong argument for his thesis that the academy robs Chicana/o scholars of their presence and voice. However, he does not share much on how successful the agency of these scholars has been in opening the space needed for that presence, and what gains there have been in expressing their voice. The author reviews his commentary and concerns with Chicano Studies and provides additional information on the history and current status of the field. It seems that the numbers and distribution of Chicana/o Studies units, faculty and courses signal some measure of success, even while struggles for legitimacy and acceptability continue.  相似文献   

Assessing the quality of teachers’ teaching practices     

Weiyun Chen  Stephen Mason  Christina Staniszewski  Ashley Upton  Megan Valley 《Educational Assessment, Evaluation and Accountability》2012,24(1):25-41

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Second lives – By Tim Guest     

Ramesh C Sharma  also known in Second Life as rcs Darwin 《British journal of educational technology : journal of the Council for Educational Technology》2009,40(3):573-574

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A preliminary evaluation of VEGF-A,VEGFR1 and VEGFR2 in patients with well-controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

Barbara RUSZKOWSKA-CIASTEK  Alina SOKUP  Maciej W. SOCHA  Zofia RUPRECHT  Lidia HA?AS  Barbara GóRALCZYK  Krzysztof GóRALCZYK  Gra?yna GADOMSKA  Danuta RO?? 《Journal of Zhejiang University. Science. B》2014,15(6):575-581

Objective

Decompensated chronic hyperglycemia often leads to late microvascular complications such as retinopathy, diabetic foot syndrome, and diabetic kidney disease. The aim of this study was to determine the concentration of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) and its receptors in patients with well-controlled diabetes.

Methods

The study was conducted on 31 patients with well-controlled type 2 diabetes without micro-or macroangiopathy. Thirty healthy volunteers were enrolled in a control group. Serum concentrations of VEGF-A, VEGF receptors 1 and 2 (VEGFR1 and VEGFR2), fasting glucose, and lipid profiles were measured, and the plasma concentration of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) was determined.

Results

No significant differences were observed between the concentration of VEGF-A, VEGFR1 or VEGFR2 in the subject group and that in the control group. Positive correlations were noted between the levels of VEGF-A, VEGFR2, and triglyceride, and there was a negative correlation between the levels of VEGFR2 and high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol in the study group.

Conclusions

The concentrations of VEGF-A and its receptors 1 and 2 in patients with well-controlled diabetes are comparable to those of healthy individuals, which may indicate that appropriate control of glucose levels delays the occurrence of vascular complications. A negative correlation between VEGFR2 and HDL-cholesterol levels, and positive correlations between VEGF-A, VEGFR2, and triglyceride levels, suggest that lipid abnormalities occurring in diabetes may be involved in the modulation of angiogenesis.  相似文献   

Oxidative stress in elite athletes training at moderate altitude and at sea level     

Josefa León-López  Carmen Calderón-Soto  Matías Pérez-Sánchez  Belén Feriche  Xavier Iglesias  Diego Chaverri 《European Journal of Sport Science》2018,18(6):832-841

Using a controlled parallel group longitudinal trial design, we investigated the effects of different training interventions on the prooxidant/antioxidant status of elite athletes: living and training at moderate altitude for 3 (Hi-Hi3) and 4 weeks (Hi-Hi), and for 4 weeks too, living high and training high and low (Hi-HiLo) and living and training at sea level (Lo-Lo). From 61 swimmers, 54 completed the study. Nitrites, carbonyls, and lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels were assessed in plasma. Enzymatic antioxidants glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione reductase (GRd), and non-enzymatic antioxidants total glutathione (GST), reduced glutathione (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) were analysed in the erythrocyte fraction. At the end of the intervention, nitrites levels were similar in all altitude groups but higher than in the Lo-Lo controls (P?=?.02). Hi-HiLo had greater GPx activity than Hi-Hi and Hi-Hi3 during most of the intervention (P?≤?.001). GRd activity was higher in Lo-Lo than in Hi-Hi at the end of the training camp (P?≤?.001). All groups showed increased levels of LPO, except Lo-Lo, and carbonyls at the end of the study (P?≤?.001). Training at altitude for 3 or 4 weeks drives oxidative stress leading to cellular damage mainly by worsening the antioxidant capacities. The GSSG/GSH ratio appears to be related to perceived exertion and fatigue. The stronger antioxidant defence showed by the Hi-HiLo group suggests an inverse relationship between redox alterations and performance. Further studies are required to investigate the role of oxidative stress in acclimatization, performance, and health.  相似文献